In this installment of Law and the Public’s Health, we review studies that show the persistence of pay inequities by sex and race, gaps in the scope of civil rights laws that prohibit pay inequities, and the influence of these inequities on health disparities. ![]() 10, 11 Thus, for the purposes of this article, Latino is treated as a race, so race is the term used for racial and ethnic health disparities. 10 Even though Latino is considered an ethnicity for health disparities, it is treated as a race or national origin in employment discrimination cases. Throughout this article, sex is used to discuss the difference between women and men. In employment law, sex is the term used to discuss the differences between women and men in health, gender is the term used to discuss this difference. However, studies show that women and men in racial minority groups are penalized for trying to negotiate higher pay. 4 - 9 For example, pay disparities are often attributed to women’s failure to negotiate. 3 These health effects may not be fixed through efforts to achieve equal pay that focus on pay history and negotiation training. 1, 2 Research shows that when women were paid less than their male counterparts, women had higher odds of depression and anxiety than their male counterparts. ![]() Advocates fighting for women’s equal pay should consider the effect that unequal pay has on women’s health status, especially on the health of women of color, who tend to have greater health disparities than other women. Women are making inroads into the upper echelons of academia, business, and entertainment, yet pay inequities persist.
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